Editing 2001 Mars Odyssey

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''2001 Mars Odyssey''}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Mars Odyssey
| image                 = 2001 mars odyssey wizja.jpg
| image_caption         = Conceptual drawing of ''Mars Odyssey'' over Mars.
| insignia              = 2001 Mars Odyssey - mars-odyssey-logo-sm.png
| insignia_size         = 125px

| mission_type          = [[Mars]] orbiter
| operator              = [[NASA]] / [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]]
| website               = {{url|http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/}}
| COSPAR_ID             = 2001-014A
| SATCAT                = 26734
| mission_duration      = Elapsed:<br/><small>{{Age in years, months and days| year=2001| month=04| day=07}} from launch</small><br/><small>{{Age in years, months and days| year=2001| month=10| day=24}} at Mars ({{age in sols|2001|10|24}}&nbsp;sols)</small><br/><br/>En route: 6 months, 17 days<br/>Primary mission: 32 months (1007&nbsp;sols)<br/>Extended mission: {{Age in years, months and days|year=2004|month=08|day=25}} ({{age in sols|2004|08|25}}&nbsp;sols) elapsed

| spacecraft_type       = 
| manufacturer          = Lockheed Martin
| dry_mass              = {{convert|376.3|kg|lb}}
| launch_mass           = {{convert|758|kg|lb}}
| power                 = 750&nbsp;W

| launch_date           = {{start-date|7 April 2001, 15:02:22|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket         = [[Delta II|Delta II 7925-9.5]]
| launch_site           = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17|SLC-17A]]
| launch_contractor     =

| last_contact          = 
| decay_date            =

| orbit_epoch           = 
| orbit_reference       = [[Areocentric orbit|Areocentric]]
| orbit_periapsis       = {{convert|201|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{convert|500|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_inclination     = 93.2 degrees
| orbit_period          = 117.84 minutes
| orbit_semimajor       = {{convert|3785|km|mi|sp=us}}
| orbit_eccentricity    = 0.0115
| apsis                 = areion

|interplanetary         ={{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = orbiter
   |object              = [[Mars]]
   |orbits              = 
   |arrival_date        = 24 October 2001, 02:18:00&nbsp;UTC<br/><small>[[Timekeeping on Mars|MSD]] 45435 12:21 [[Airy Mean Time|AMT]]
}}
}}

'''''2001 Mars Odyssey''''' is a [[robotic spacecraft]] [[orbit]]ing the planet [[Mars]]. The project was developed by [[NASA]], and contracted out to Lockheed Martin, with an expected cost for the entire mission of US$297&nbsp;million. Its mission is to use [[spectrometer]]s and a [[thermal imager]] to detect evidence of past or present [[Water on Mars|water]] and ice, as well as study the planet's geology and radiation environment.<ref name="NASA JPL">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/science/goals/ | title=Mars Odyssey Goals | work=NASA JPL}}</ref> It is hoped that the data Odyssey obtains will help answer the question of whether [[life on Mars (planet)|life]] has ever existed on Mars and create a risk-assessment of the radiation future astronauts on Mars might experience. It also acts as a relay for communications between the [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, [[Mars Science Laboratory]], and previously the [[Phoenix lander]] to [[Earth]]. The mission was named as a tribute to [[Arthur C. Clarke]], evoking the name of ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name="jpl_overview">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/overview/ | title=Mars Odyssey: Overview | publisher=JPL, CIT | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919002232/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/overview/ | archivedate=2011-09-19 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

''Odyssey'' was launched April 7, 2001 on a [[Delta II]] rocket from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], and reached Mars orbit on October 24, 2001, at 02:30 UTC (October 23, 19:30 [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]], 22:30 EDT).<ref name="Sky & Telescope">{{cite web | url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3304426.html | title=Mars Odyssey Arrives | first=J. Kelly | last=Beatty | publisher=Sky Publishing | date=2012-05-24 | work=Sky and Telescope | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226162542/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3304426.html | archivedate=2014-02-26 | deadurl=no}}</ref> It is currently in a [[polar orbit]] around Mars with an altitude of about 3,800&nbsp;km or 2,400 miles.

By December 15, 2010 it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3,340 days of operation, claiming the title from NASA's [[Mars Global Surveyor]].<ref name="jpl-1091">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1091 | title=NASA's Odyssey Spacecraft Sets Exploration Record on Mars | work=Press Releases | date=2010-12-15 | publisher=JPL, NASA | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425065346/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1091 | archivedate=2011-04-25 | deadurl=no}}</ref>
It currently holds the record for the longest-surviving continually active spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth, ahead of the [[Pioneer Venus Orbiter]]<!--- the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Mars Express]]--->, at {{Age in years, months and days| year=2001| month=10| day=24}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Naming==
''Mars Odyssey'' was originally a  component of the ''[[Mars Surveyor 2001]]''  program, and was named the '''Mars Surveyor 2001 Orbiter'''.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} It was intended to have a companion  spacecraft known as [[Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander]], but the  lander mission was canceled in May 2000 following the failures of [[Mars Climate Orbiter]] and [[Mars Polar Lander]] in late 1999. Subsequently, the name ''2001  Mars Odyssey'' was selected for  the orbiter as a specific tribute to the vision of space exploration  shown in works by [[Arthur C. Clarke]], including ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''. The music from [[Mythodea]] by Greek composer [[Vangelis]] was used as the theme music for  the mission.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
{{clear left}}

In August 2000, NASA solicited candidate names for the mission, which were evaluated by a naming committee consisting of [[Mark Dahl]], [[Michael Meyer (scientist)|Michael Meyer]], [[Steve Saunders (scientist)|Steve Saunders]], and [[Don Savage (NASA employee)|Don Savage]]. Out of 200 names submitted, the committee chose Astrobiological Reconnaissance and Elemental Surveyor, abbreviated ARES (a tribute to [[Ares]], the Greek god of war). Faced with criticism that this name was not very compelling, and too aggressive, the naming committee reconvened. The candidate name "2001 Mars Odyssey" had earlier been rejected because of copyright and trademark concerns. However, NASA e-mailed Arthur C. Clarke in Sri Lanka, who responded that he would be delighted to have the mission named for his books, and he had no objections. On September 20, NASA associate administrator [[Ed Weiler]] wrote to the associate administrator for public affairs recommending a name change from ARES to 2001 Mars Odyssey. Peggy Wilhide then approved the name change.<ref name="Hubbard2011">{{cite book|last=Hubbard|first=Scott|title=Exploring Mars: Chronicles from a Decade of Discovery|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw0XoYvdT-4C|year=2011|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2896-7|pages=149–51}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-155.txt |date=2000-09-28 |accessdate=2016-03-12 |publisher=NASA HQ/JPL |title=It's "2001 Mars Odyssey" for NASA's Next Trip to the Red Planet}}</ref>

==Scientific instruments==
The three primary instruments Odyssey uses are the:

* '''[[Thermal Emission Imaging System]]''' (THEMIS).<ref name="themis">{{cite journal | title=The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission | first1=P. R. | last1=Christensen | first2=B. M. | last2=Jakosky | first3=H. H. | last3=Kieffer | first4=M. C. | last4=Malin | first5=H. Y. | last5=McSween Jr. | first6=K. | last6=Nealson | first7=G. L. | last7=Mehall | first8=S. H. | last8=Silverman | first9=S. | last9=Ferry | first10=M. | last10=Caplinger | first11=M. | last11=Ravine | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=110 | issue=1–2 | doi=10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021008.16305.94 | date=2004 | pages=85 | bibcode=2004SSRv..110...85C}}</ref>
* '''[[Gamma Ray Spectrometer]]''' (GRS),<ref name="mogrsis">{{cite journal | title=The Mars Odyssey Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite | first1=W.V. | last1=Boynton | first2=W.C. | last2=Feldman | first3=I.G. | last3=Mitrofanov | first4=L.G. | last4=Evans | first5=R.C. | last5=Reedy | first6=S.W. | last6=Squyres | first7=R. | last7=Starr | first8=J.I. | last8=Trombka | first9=C. | last9=d'Uston | first10=J.R. | last10=Arnold | first11=P.A.J. | last11=Englert, | first12=A.E. | last12=Metzger | first13=H. | last13=Wänke | first14=J. | last14=Brückner | first15=D.M. | last15=Drake | first16=C. | last16=Shinohara | first17=C. | last17=Fellows | first18=D.K. | last18=Hamara | first19=K. | last19=Harshman | first20=K. | last20=Kerry | first21=C. | last21=Turner | first22=M. | last22=Ward1 | first23=H. | last23=Barthe | first24=K.R. | last24=Fuller | first25=S.A. | last25=Storms | first26=G.W. | last26=Thornton | first27=J.L. | last27=Longmire | first28=M.L. | last28=Litvak | first29=A.K. | last29=Ton'chev | journal=Space Science Reviews | volume=110 | issue=1–2 | doi=10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021007.76126.15 | year=2004 | pages=37 | bibcode = 2004SSRv..110...37B}}</ref> includes the '''High Energy Neutron Detector''' (HEND), provided by Russia.
* '''[[Mars Radiation Environment Experiment]]''' (MARIE).

On May 28, 2002 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2002|05|28}}), NASA reported that Odyssey's GRS had detected large amounts of hydrogen, a sign that there must be ice lying within a meter of the planet's surface.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} '''GRS''' is a collaboration between University of Arizona's [[Lunar and Planetary Laboratory|Lunar and Planetary Lab.]], the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], and Russia's [[Space Research Institute]].

==Mission==
[[File:Odyssey summary br.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Summary of Mars Odyssey mission start]]
[[File:Mgs  odyssey.gif|thumb|right|250px|Mars Odyssey as imaged by [[Mars Global Surveyor]]]]

Mars Odyssey launched from Cape Canaveral on April 11, 2001, and arrived at Mars about 200 days later on October 24. The spacecraft's main engine fired in order to brake the spacecraft's speed, which allowed it to be captured into orbit around Mars.  Odyssey then spent about three months [[aerobraking]], using friction with the upper reaches of the Martian atmosphere to gradually slow down and to shrink and circularize its orbit.  By using the atmosphere of Mars to slow down the spacecraft in its orbit, rather than firing its engine or thrusters, Odyssey was able to save more than 200 kilograms (440 lb) of propellant. (This reduction in spacecraft weight allowed the mission to be launched on a Delta II 7925 launch vehicle, rather than a larger, more expensive launcher.)<ref>http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/02jan11.html</ref> Aerobraking ended in January, and Odyssey began its science mapping mission on February 19, 2002. Odyssey's original, nominal mission lasted until August 2004, but repeated mission extensions have kept the mission active.<ref>http://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/timeline/</ref>

Odyssey has served as the primary means of communications for NASA’s Mars surface explorers in the past decade, up to the [[Mars Science Laboratory|Curiosity rover]]. About 85% of images and other data from NASA's twin [[Mars Exploration Rover]]s, [[Spirit rover|Spirit]] and [[Opportunity rover|Opportunity]], have reached Earth via communications relay by Odyssey. Odyssey continues to receive transmissions from the surviving rover, Opportunity, every day. The orbiter helped analyze potential landing sites for the rovers and performed the same task for NASA's [[Phoenix mission]], which landed on Mars in May 2008. Odyssey aided NASA's [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]], which reached Mars in March 2006, by monitoring atmospheric conditions during months when the newly arrived orbiter used aerobraking to alter its orbit into the desired shape.

Odyssey is in a [[sun-synchronous orbit]], meaning it passes over most points on Mars' surface twice per day. On September 30, 2008 (sol {{age in sols|2001|10|24|2008|09|30}}) the spacecraft altered its orbit to gain better sensitivity for its infrared mapping of Martian minerals. The new orbit eliminated the use of the gamma ray detector, due to the potential for overheating the instrument at the new orbit.
[[File:Mars Radiation Environment Experiment.jpg|thumb|''MARIE'' hardware, designed to measure radiation]]
The payload's MARIE radiation experiment stopped taking measurements after a large solar event bombarded the Odyssey spacecraft on October 28, 2003. Engineers believe the most likely cause is that a computer chip was damaged by a solar particle smashing into the MARIE computer board.

One of the orbiter's three flywheels failed in June 2012. However, Odyssey's design included a fourth flywheel, a spare carried against exactly this eventuality. The spare was spun up and successfully brought into service. Since July 2012, Odyssey has been back in full, nominal operation mode following three weeks of 'safe' mode on remote maintenance.<ref name="jpl_1242">{{cite web | url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1242 | title=Longest-Lived Mars Orbiter Is Back in Service | date=2012-06-27 | work=Status Reports | publisher=JPL | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703221048/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1242 | archivedate=2012-07-03 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

In February 11, 2014, mission control accelerated Odyssey's drift toward a morning-daylight orbit to "enable observation of changing ground temperatures after sunrise and after sunset in thousands of places on Mars". The desired change will occur gradually until the intended orbit geometry is reached in November 2015 and another manoeuvre halts the drift.<ref name="drift">{{cite news | last=Staff | title=NASA Moves Longest-Serving Mars Spacecraft for New Observations | date=2014-02-12 | publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory | url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-047&2 | work=Press Releases | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226161657/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-047&2 | archivedate=2014-02-26 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Those observations could yield insight about the composition of the ground and about temperature-driven processes, such as warm-season flows observed on some slopes, and [[Martian geyser|geysers]] fed by spring thawing of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2)</sub> ice near Mars' poles.<ref name="drift" />

On October 19, 2014, NASA reported that the Mars Odyssey Orbiter,<ref name="NASA-20141019-ODY">{{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Odyssey Orbiter Watches Comet Fly Near |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4346 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-10-20}}</ref> as well as the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]<ref name="NASA-20141019-MRO">{{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Studies Comet Flyby |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4344 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-10-20}}</ref> and [[MAVEN]],<ref name="NASA-20141019-MAV">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Nancy |last2=Steigerwald |first2=Bill |last3=Webster |first3=Guy |last4=Brown |first4=Dwayne |title=NASA's MAVEN Studies Passing Comet and Its Effects |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4345 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-10-20}}</ref> were healthy after the [[C/2013 A1|Comet Siding Spring]] flyby.<ref name="NASA-20141019">{{cite web |last=Webster |first=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |last3=Jones |first3=Nancy |last4=Steigerwald |first4=Bill |title=All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4347 |date=October 19, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-10-20}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141019">{{cite news |last=France-Presse |first=Agence |title=A Comet’s Brush With Mars |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/science/a-comets-brush-with-mars.html |date=
October 19, 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2014-10-20}}</ref>

In 2010, a spokesman for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory stated that Odyssey could continue operating until at least about 2016 and "perhaps even well beyond".<ref name="ut-81675">{{cite web | url=http://www.universetoday.com/81675/the-longest-martian-odyssey-ever | title=The Longest Martian Odyssey Ever | work=Universe Today | date=2010-12-13 | first=Ken | last=Kremer | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220000650/http://www.universetoday.com/81675/the-longest-martian-odyssey-ever/ | archivedate=2010-12-20 | deadurl=no}}</ref> This estimate has since been extended to "about ten more years" (until 2025).<ref>{{Cite web| title = THEMIS makes 60,000 orbits of Red Planet {{!}} Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS| url = http://themis.asu.edu/news/themis-makes-60000-orbits-red-planet| website = themis.asu.edu| access-date = 2016-02-15}}</ref>

===Water on Mars===
{{Main|Water on Mars}}

Mars Odyssey mapped the distribution of water in the surface.<ref>http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/latestresults.jsp</ref>    The ground truth for its measurements came on July 31, 2008, when NASA announced that the [[Phoenix lander]] confirmed the presence of water on Mars,<ref name="nasa-20080620">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080620.html | title=Confirmation of Water on Mars | work=Phoenix Mars Lander | date=2008-06-20 | publisher=NASA | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701104400/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080620.html | archivedate=2008-07-01 | deadurl=no}}</ref> as predicted in 2002 based on data from the Odyssey orbiter. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for microscopic life, and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.

===Odyssey and Curiosity===
Mars Odyssey's THEMIS instrument was used to help select a landing site for the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] (MSL).<ref name="themis_sites">{{cite web | url=http://themis.asu.edu/landingsites | title=THEMIS Support for MSL Landing Site Selection | work=THEMIS | date=2006-07-28 | publisher=Arizona State University | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814062323/http://themis.asu.edu/landingsites/ | archivedate=2006-08-14 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Several days before MSL's landing in August 2012, Odyssey's orbit was altered to ensure that it would be able to capture signals from the rover during its first few minutes on the Martian surface.<ref name="latimes" /> Odyssey now acts as a relay for UHF radio signals from the (MSL) rover [[Curiosity rover|Curiosity]].<ref name="latimes">{{cite web | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/07/science/la-sci-mars-seven-minutes-20120807 | title=Curiosity's perilous landing? 'Cleaner than any of our tests' | work=Los Angeles Times | date=2012-08-07 | first=Scott | last=Gold | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809094601/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/07/science/la-sci-mars-seven-minutes-20120807 | archivedate=2012-08-09 | deadurl=no}}</ref>  Because Odyssey is in a sun-synchronous orbit, it consistently passes over Curiosity's location at the same two times every day, allowing for convenient scheduling of contact with Earth.

==See also==
{{cmn|30em|
* [[Exploration of Mars]]
* [[List of missions to Mars]]
* [[Mars Express Orbiter]]
* [[Mars Global Surveyor]]
* [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]
* [[Mars Student Imaging Project]] (MSIP)
* [[List of Mars orbiters]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Category:2001 Mars Odyssey}}
* [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/index.html The Mars Odyssey site]
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Odyssey Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
* [http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3305706.html Sky & Telescope: Mars Odyssey Pays Early Dividends]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2009318.stm BBC News story on Mars Odyssey observations of apparent ice deposits]
* [http://marstrek.jpl.nasa.gov/] - Shows present over head position of Mars Odyssey

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