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For missions flown by the Soviet Buran spacecraft, sometimes referred to as a space shuttle, see List of Buran missions.
Space Shuttle Columbia launching

Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia on 12 April 1981 at Pad 39A for mission STS-1

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites (including the Hubble Space Telescope), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time the fleet totaled 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.[2] The longest orbital flight of the shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds, cut short when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS 37 times. The highest altitude achieved by the shuttle was 350 miles when servicing the Hubble Space Telescope.[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries.[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and once at White Sands, New Mexico.[5]

The first orbiter, Enterprise, was built solely for atmospheric flight tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.Template:Sfn

Flight numbering[]

Shuttle profiles

Profiles of all five orbiters at launch.

The U.S. Space Shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".[2] Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to NASA Administrator James M. Beggs' triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,[6][7][8][9] beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-L originally for FY 1985 and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex (SLC) 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.[10] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.Template:Sfn The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L, and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.

After the Challenger disaster, NASA returned to using a sequential numbering system, with the number counting from the beginning of the STS program. Unlike the initial system, however, the numbers were assigned based on the initial mission schedule, and did not always reflect actual launch order. This numbering scheme started at 26, with the first flight as STS-26R—the R suffix stood for "reflight" to disambiguate from prior missions. The suffix was used for two years through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.Template:Sfn As a result of the changes in systems, flights under different numbering systems could have the same number with one having a letter appended, e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984).Template:Sfn

Shuttle flights[]

Test flights[]

Main article: Approach and Landing Tests

The Approach and Landing Test Programme encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, unmanned and manned flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA).

Order Launch date Mission Shuttle Crew Duration Landing site Notes Sources
1 12 August 1977 ALT-12
Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch
Enterprise 2 00d 00h 05m Edwards
  • First free flight
  • First non-captive flight of Enterprise
Template:Sfn[11]Template:Sfn[12]
2 13 September 1977 ALT-13
Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch
Enterprise 2 00d 00h 05m Edwards
  • Second free flight
Template:Sfn[11]
3 23 September 1977 ALT-14
Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch
Enterprise 2 00d 00h 05m Edwards
  • Third free flight
Template:Sfn[11]
4 12 October 1977 ALT-15
Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch
Enterprise 2 00d 00h 02m Edwards
  • Fourth free flight
  • First flight without tailcone (operational configuration)
Template:Sfn[11][12]Template:Sfn
5 26 October 1977 ALT-16
Enterprise 1977 Approach and Landing Test mission patch
Enterprise 2 00d 00h 02m Edwards
  • Final free flight
  • Final non-captive flight of Enterprise
Template:Sfn[11]Template:Sfn

Launches and orbital flights[]

Order Launch date Mission Shuttle Crew[lower-alpha 1] Duration Landing site Notes Sources
1 12 April 1981
12:00:04 UTC
07:00:04 EST

Sts-1-patch
Columbia 2 02d 06h Edwards
  • First reusable orbital spacecraft flight
  • First flight of Columbia
Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
2 12 November 1981
15:10:00 UTC
10:10:00 EST

Sts-2-patch
Columbia 2 02d 06h Edwards
  • First reuse of a manned orbital space vehicle
  • First test of Canadarm robot arm
  • Truncated due to fuel cell problem
Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
3 22 March 1982
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST

Sts3-patch
Columbia 2 08d 00h White Sands
  • Shuttle R&D flight
  • First and only landing at White Sands, New Mexico
Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[13]
4 27 June 1982
15:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EDT

STS-4 patch
Columbia 2 07d 01h Edwards
  • Last shuttle R&D flight
  • First Department of Defense (DoD) payload
Template:Sfn[14][15]Template:Sfn
5 11 November 1982
12:19:00 UTC
07:19:00 EST

STS-5 mission insignia
Columbia 4 05d 02h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First Extravehicular activity of program canceled due to suit problems
Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[16]Template:Sfn
6 4 April 1983
18:30:00 UTC
13:30:00 EST

Sts-6-patch
Challenger 4 05d 00h Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS) deployment
  • First flight of Challenger
  • First Space Shuttle Extravehicular activity
[17]Template:Sfn
7 18 June 1983
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT

Sts-7-patch
Challenger 5 06d 02h Edwards
  • First US woman in space Sally Ride
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First deployment and retrieval of a Shuttle Pallet Satellite
[18]Template:Sfn
8 30 August 1983
06:32:00 UTC
02:32:00 EDT

STS-8 patch
Challenger 5 06d 01h Edwards
  • Comsat deployment
  • First flight of an African American in space, Guion Bluford
  • Test of robot arm on heavy payloads with Payload Flight Test Article
  • First night landing
[19]Template:Sfn
9 28 November 1983
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST

Sts-9-patch
Columbia 6 10d 07h Edwards
  • First Spacelab mission
  • Flight of Ulf Merbold (first European Space Agency Astronaut on a shuttle mission)
[20]Template:Sfn
10 3 February 1984
13:00:00 UTC
08:00:00 EST

Sts-41-b-patch
Challenger 5 07d 23h Kennedy [21]Template:Sfn
11 6 April 1984
13:58:00 UTC
08:58:00 EST

STS-41-C patch
Challenger 5 06d 23h Edwards [22][23]Template:Sfn
12 30 August 1984
12:41:50 UTC
08:41:50 EDT

Sts-41-d-patch
Discovery 6 06d 00h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First flight of Discovery
  • Test of OAST-1 Solar Array
[24]Template:Sfn
13 5 October 1984
11:03:00 UTC
07:03:00 EDT

STS-41-G patch
Challenger 7 08d 05h Kennedy [25]Template:Sfn
14 8 November 1984
12:15:00 UTC
07:15:00 EST

Sts-51-a-patch
Discovery 5 07d 23h Kennedy
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Retrieval of two other comsats (Palapa B2 and Westar VI), which were subsequently refurbished on Earth and reflown
[26]Template:Sfn
15 24 January 1985
19:50:00 UTC
14:50:00 EST

Sts-51-c-patch
Discovery 5 03d 01h Kennedy
  • First classified Department of Defense (DoD) mission
  • Magnum satellite deployment
[14][27]Template:Sfn
16 12 April 1985
13:59:05 UTC
08:59:05 EST

Sts-51-d-patch
Discovery 7 06d 23h Kennedy
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • First flight of a sitting politician in space, Jake Garn
  • First impromptu Extravehicular activity of program to fix Syncom F3 (Leasat 3)
[28]Template:Sfn
17 29 April 1985
16:02:18 UTC
12:02:18 EDT

Sts-51-b-patch
Challenger 7 07d 00h Edwards
  • First mission with Spacelab module in a fully operational configuration
  • Conducted experiments in microgravity
[29]Template:Sfn
18 17 June 1985
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT

Sts-51-g-patch
Discovery 7 07d 01h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Flight of first member of royalty, Saudi, Muslim, and Arab in space, Sultan bin Salman Al Saud
[30]Template:Sfn
19 29 July 1985
22:00:00 UTC
18:00:00 EDT

Sts-51-f-patch
Challenger 7 07d 22h Edwards
  • Spacelab mission
  • Abort to Orbit. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned.
  • All mission objectives achieved
[31]Template:Sfn
20 27 August 1985
10:58:01 UTC
06:58:01 EDT

Sts-51-i-patch
Discovery 5 07d 02h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Rescue of Syncom F3 (Leasat-3)
[32]Template:Sfn
21 3 October 1985
15:15:30 UTC
11:15:30 EDT

Sts-51-j-patch
Atlantis 5 04d 01h Edwards
  • Second classified DoD mission
  • Defense Satellite Communications System satellite deployment
  • First flight of Atlantis
[14][33]Template:Sfn
22 30 October 1985
17:00:00 UTC
12:00:00 EST

STS-61-a-patch
Challenger 8 07d 00h Edwards
  • Largest crew on a spaceflight
  • Third flight of Spacelab
  • Spacelab-D1 microgravity experiments
  • Mission funded by Germany
  • Last successful mission of Challenger
  • First Dutchman in space, Wubbo Ockels
[34]Template:Sfn
23 26 November 1985
24:29:00 UTC
19:29:00 EST

Sts-61-b-patch
Atlantis 7 06d 21h Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployment
  • EASE/ACCESS experiment
  • First Mexican in space, Rodolfo Neri Vela
[35]Template:Sfn
24 12 January 1986
11:55:00 UTC
06:55:00 EST

STS-61-c-patch
Columbia 7 06d 02h Edwards
  • Comsat deployment
  • Flight of US Representative Bill Nelson
[36]Template:Sfn
25 28 January 1986
16:38:00 UTC
11:38:00 EST

STS-51-L
Challenger 7 00d 00h 01m 13s Did not land [lower-alpha 2] [37]Template:Sfn
26 29 September 1988
15:37:00 UTC
11:37:00 EDT

Sts-26-patch
Discovery 5 04d 01h Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite deployment
  • First post-Challenger flight
[38]Template:Sfn
27 2 December 1988
14:30:34 UTC
09:30:34 EST

Sts-27-patch
Atlantis 5 04d 09h Edwards
  • Third classified DoD mission
  • Lacrosse 1 deployment
[14][39]Template:Sfn
28 13 March 1989
14:57:00 UTC
09:57:00 EST

Sts-29-patch
Discovery 5 04d 23h Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite deployment with attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS)
  • IMAX camera
  • Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element I space station radiator experiment
[40]Template:Sfn
29 4 May 1989
18:46:59 UTC
14:46:59 EDT

Sts-30-patch
Atlantis 5 04d 00h Edwards [41]Template:Sfn
30 8 August 1989
12:37:00 UTC
08:37:00 EDT

Sts-28-patch
Columbia 5 05d 01h Edwards
  • Fourth classified DoD mission
  • Satellite Data System deployment
[14][42]Template:Sfn
31 18 October 1989
16:53:40 UTC
12:53:40 EDT

Sts-34-patch
Atlantis 5 04d 23h Edwards
  • Galileo Jupiter probe deployment
  • IMAX camera
[43]Template:Sfn
32 22 November 1989
24:23:30 UTC
19:23:30 EST

Sts-33-patch
Discovery 5 05d 00h Edwards
  • Fifth classified DoD mission
  • Deployment of Magnum
[14][44]Template:Sfn
33 9 January 1990
12:35:00 UTC
07:35:00 EST

STS-32 patch
Columbia 5 10d 21h Edwards [45]Template:Sfn
34 28 February 1990
07:50:22 UTC
02:50:22 EST

Sts-36-patch
Atlantis 5 04d 10h Edwards
  • Sixth classified DoD mission
  • Misty reconnaissance satellite deployment
[14][46]Template:Sfn
35 24 April 1990
12:33:51 UTC
08:33:51 EDT

Sts-31-patch
Discovery 5 05d 01h Edwards [47]Template:Sfn
36 6 October 1990
11:47:15 UTC
07:47:15 EDT

Sts-41-patch
Discovery 5 04d 02h Edwards [48]Template:Sfn
37 15 November 1990
23:48:15 UTC
18:48:15 EST

STS-38 patch
Atlantis 5 04d 21h Kennedy
  • Seventh classified DoD mission
  • Likely SDS2-2 deployed
[14][49]Template:Sfn
38 2 December 1990
06:49:01 UTC
01:49:01 EST

Sts-35-patch
Columbia 7 08d 23h Edwards
  • Use of ASTRO-1 observatory
[50]Template:Sfn
39 5 April 1991
14:22:45 UTC
09:22:45 EST

Sts-37-patch
Atlantis 5 05d 23h Edwards [51]Template:Sfn
40 28 April 1991
11:33:14 UTC
07:33:14 EDT

Sts-39-patch
Discovery 7 08d 07h Kennedy
  • First unclassified DoD mission
  • Military science experiments
[14][52]Template:Sfn
41 5 June 1991
13:24:51 UTC
09:24:51 EDT

Sts-40-patch
Columbia 7 09d 02h Edwards [53]Template:Sfn
42 2 August 1991
15:02:00 UTC
11:02:00 EDT

Sts-43-patch
Atlantis 5 08d 21h Kennedy
  • Tracking and data relay satellite deployment
[54]Template:Sfn
43 12 September 1991
23:11:04 UTC
19:11:04 EDT

Sts-48-patch
Discovery 5 05d 08h Edwards
  • Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite deployment
[55]Template:Sfn
44 24 November 1991
23:44:00 UTC
18:44:00 EST

Sts-44-patch
Atlantis 6 06d 22h Edwards
  • DSP satellite deployment
[56]Template:Sfn
45 22 January 1992
14:52:33 UTC
09:52:33 EST

Sts-42-patch
Discovery 7 08d 01h Edwards [57]Template:Sfn
46 24 March 1992
13:13:40 UTC
08:13:40 EST

Sts-45-patch
Atlantis 7 08d 22h Kennedy
  • ATLAS-1 science platform
[58]Template:Sfn
47 7 May 1992
23:40:00 UTC
19:40:00 EDT

Sts-49-patch
Endeavour 7 08d 21h Edwards
  • Intelsat VI repair
  • First flight of Endeavour
  • First 3 person Extravehicular activity
  • Assembly of Station by EVA Methods (ASEM) space station truss experiment EVA
  • Record four EVAs total for mission
[59]Template:Sfn
48 25 June 1992
16:12:23 UTC
12:12:23 EDT

STS-50 patch
Columbia 7 13d 19h Kennedy [60]Template:Sfn
49 31 July 1992
13:56:48 UTC
09:56:48 EDT

Sts-46-patch
Atlantis 7 07d 23h Kennedy
  • Deployment of EURECA
  • Deployment of National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Italian Space Agency Tethered Satellite System (TSS)
[61]Template:Sfn
50 12 September 1992
14:23:00 UTC
10:23:00 EDT

Sts-47-patch
Endeavour 7 07d 22h Kennedy
  • Spacelab-J
  • First flight of an African-American woman in space, Mae Jemison
  • Japan funded mission
[62]Template:Sfn
51 22 October 1992
17:09:39 UTC
13:09:39 EDT

Sts-52-patch
Columbia 6 09d 20h Kennedy
  • LAGEOS II deployment
  • Microgravity experiments
[63]Template:Sfn
52 2 December 1992
13:24:00 UTC
08:24:00 EST

Sts-53-patch
Discovery 5 07d 07h Edwards
  • Partially classified 10th and final DoD mission
  • Likely deployment of SDS2 satellite
[14][64]Template:Sfn
53 13 January 1993
13:59:30 UTC
08:59:30 EST

Sts-54-patch
Endeavour 5 05d 23h Kennedy
  • TDRS-F/IUS deployment
[65]Template:Sfn
54 8 April 1993
05:29:00 UTC
01:29:00 EDT

Sts-56-patch
Discovery 5 09d 06h Kennedy
  • ATLAS-2 science platform
[66]Template:Sfn
55 26 April 1993
14:50:00 UTC
10:50:00 EDT

Sts-55-patch
Columbia 7 09d 23h Edwards [67]Template:Sfn
56 21 June 1993
13:07:22 UTC
09:07:22 EDT

Sts-57-patch
Endeavour 6 09d 23h Kennedy
  • Scientific Experiments aboard the SPACEHAB module
  • Retrieval of EURECA
[68]Template:Sfn
57 12 September 1993
11:45:00 UTC
07:45:00 EDT

Sts-51-patch
Discovery 5 09d 20h Kennedy
  • ACTS satellite deployed
  • Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer with IMAX camera deployed
[69]Template:Sfn
58 18 October 1993
14:53:10 UTC
10:53:10 EDT

Sts-58-patch
Columbia 7 14d 00h Edwards [70]Template:Sfn
59 2 December 1993
09:27:00 UTC
04:27:00 EST

Sts-61-patch
Endeavour 7 10d 19h Kennedy [71]Template:Sfn
60 3 February 1994
12:10:00 UTC
07:10:00 EST

Sts-60-patch
Discovery 6 07d 06h Kennedy [72]Template:Sfn
61 4 March 1994
13:53:00 UTC
08:53:00 EST

Sts-62-patch
Columbia 5 13d 23h Kennedy
  • Microgravity experiments
[73]Template:Sfn
62 9 April 1994
11:05:00 UTC
07:05:00 EDT

Sts-59-patch
Endeavour 6 11d 05h Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Shuttle Radar Laboratory-1
[74]Template:Sfn
63 8 July 1994
04:43:00 UTC
00:43:00 EDT

Sts-65-patch
Columbia 7 14d 17h Kennedy [75]Template:Sfn
64 9 September 1994
22:22:05 UTC
18:22:05 EDT

Sts-64-patch
Discovery 6 10d 22h Edwards
  • Multiple science experiments
  • SPARTAN
[76]Template:Sfn
65 30 September 1994
11:16:00 UTC
07:16:00 EDT

Sts-68-patch
Endeavour 6 11d 05h Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Space Radar Laboratory-2
[77]Template:Sfn
66 3 November 1994
16:59:43 UTC
11:59:43 EST

Sts-66-patch
Atlantis 6 10d 22h Edwards
  • ATLAS-3 science platform
[78]Template:Sfn
67 3 February 1995
05:22:04 UTC
00:22:04 EST

Sts-63-patch
Discovery 6 08d 06h Kennedy
  • Mir rendezvous
  • SPACEHAB
  • IMAX camera
[79]Template:Sfn
68 2 March 1995
06:38:13 UTC
01:38:13 EST

Sts-67-patch
Endeavour 7 16d 15h Edwards
  • ASTRO-2 Deployment
[80]Template:Sfn
69 27 June 1995
19:32:19 UTC
15:32:19 EDT

Sts-71-patch
Atlantis 7/8 09d 19h Kennedy
  • First Shuttle-Mir docking
[81]Template:Sfn
70 13 July 1995
13:41:55 UTC
09:41:55 EDT

Sts-70-patch
Discovery 5 08d 22h Kennedy
  • TDRS-G/IUS deployed
[82]Template:Sfn
71 7 September 1995
15:09:00 UTC
11:09:00 EDT

Sts-69-patch
Endeavour 5 10d 20h Kennedy [83]Template:Sfn
72 20 October 1995
13:53:00 UTC
09:53:00 EDT

Sts-73-patch
Columbia 7 15d 21h Kennedy [84]Template:Sfn
73 12 November 1995
12:30:43 UTC
07:30:43 EST

Sts-74-patch
Atlantis 5 08d 04h Kennedy
  • Second Shuttle-Mir docking
  • Delivered docking module
  • Delivered IMAX cargo bay camera
Template:Sfn[85]
74 11 January 1996
09:41:00 UTC
04:41:00 EST

Sts-72-patch
Endeavour 6 08d 22h Kennedy
  • Retrieved Japan's Space Flyer Unit
  • 2 Extravehicular activitys
[86]Template:Sfn
75 22 February 1996
20:18:00 UTC
15:18:00 EST

Sts-75-patch
Columbia 7 15d 17h Kennedy
  • Tethered satellite reflight, lost due to broken tether
[87]Template:Sfn
76 22 March 1996
08:13:04 UTC
03:13:04 EST

Sts-76-patch
Atlantis 6/5 09d 05h Edwards
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
[88]Template:Sfn
77 19 May 1996
10:30:00 UTC
06:30:00 EDT

Sts-77-patch
Endeavour 6 10d 00h Kennedy
  • SPACEHAB
  • SPARTAN
[89]Template:Sfn
78 20 June 1996
14:49:00 UTC
10:49:00 EDT

Sts-78-patch
Columbia 7 16d 21h Kennedy [90]Template:Sfn
79 16 September 1996
08:54:49 UTC
04:54:49 EDT

Sts-79-patch
Atlantis 6/6 10d 03h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
[91]Template:Sfn
80 19 November 1996
19:55:47 UTC
14:55:47 EST

Sts-80-patch
Columbia 5 17d 15h Kennedy
  • Wake Shield Facility
  • Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ORFEUS) II
[92]Template:Sfn
81 12 January 1997
09:27:23 UTC
04:27:23 EST

Sts-81-patch
Atlantis 6/6 10d 04h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
[93]Template:Sfn
82 11 February 1997
08:55:17 UTC
03:55:17 EST

Sts-82-patch
Discovery 7 09d 23h Kennedy [94]Template:Sfn
83 4 April 1997
19:20:32 UTC
14:20:32 EST

Sts-83-patch
Columbia 7 03d 23h Kennedy
  • Spacelab mission
  • Truncated due to fuel cell problem
[95]Template:Sfn
84 15 May 1997
08:07:48 UTC
04:07:48 EDT

Sts-84-patch
Atlantis 7/7 09d 05h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
[96]Template:Sfn
85 1 July 1997
18:02:00 UTC
14:02:00 EDT

Sts-94-patch
Columbia 7 15d 16h Kennedy [97]Template:Sfn
86 7 August 1997
14:41:00 UTC
10:41:00 EDT

Sts-85-patch
Discovery 6 11d 20h Kennedy
  • Deployed and retrieved Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS)
[98]Template:Sfn
87 25 September 1997
14:34:19 UTC
10:34:19 EDT

Sts-86-patch
Atlantis 7/7 10d 19h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
[99]Template:Sfn
88 19 November 1997
19:46:00 UTC
14:46:00 EST

Sts-87-patch
Columbia 6 15d 16h Kennedy
  • Microgravity experiments
  • 2 Extravehicular activitys
  • SPARTAN
[100]Template:Sfn
89 22 January 1998
02:48:15 UTC[lower-alpha 3]
21:48:15 EST

Sts-89-patch
Endeavour 7/7 08d 19h Kennedy
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
[101]Template:Sfn
90 17 April 1998
18:19:00 UTC
14:19:00 EDT

Sts-90-patch
Columbia 7 15d 21h Kennedy [102]Template:Sfn
91 2 June 1998
22:06:24 UTC
18:06:24 EDT

Sts-91-patch
Discovery 6/7 09d 19h Kennedy
  • Last Shuttle-Mir docking
[103]Template:Sfn
92 29 October 1998
19:19:34 UTC
14:19:34 EST

STS-95 Patch
Discovery 7 08d 21h Kennedy [104]Template:Sfn
93 4 December 1998
08:35:34 UTC
03:35:34 EST

Sts-88-patch
Endeavour 6 11d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 2A: Node 1
  • First Shuttle ISS assembly flight
[105]Template:Sfn
94 27 May 1999
10:49:42 UTC
06:49:42 EDT

Sts-96-patch
Discovery 7 09d 19h Kennedy [106]Template:Sfn
95 23 July 1999
04:31:00 UTC
00:31:00 EDT

Sts-93-patch
Columbia 5 04d 22h Kennedy
  • Chandra X-ray Observatory deployed
[107]Template:Sfn
96 19 December 1999
24:50:00 UTC
19:50:00 EST

Sts-103-patch
Discovery 7 07d 23h Kennedy [108]Template:Sfn
97 11 February 2000
16:43:40 UTC
12:43:40 EDT

Sts-99-patch
Endeavour 6 11d 05h Kennedy [109]Template:Sfn
98 19 May 2000
10:11:10 UTC
06:11:10 EDT

Sts-101-patch
Atlantis 7 09d 21h Kennedy [110]Template:Sfn
99 8 September 2000
12:45:47 UTC
08:45:47 EDT

Sts-106-patch
Atlantis 7 11d 19h Kennedy [111]Template:Sfn
100 11 October 2000
23:17:00 UTC
18:17:00 EST

Sts-92-patch
Discovery 7 12d 21h Edwards
  • ISS assembly flight 3A: Z1 truss
[112]Template:Sfn
101 30 November 2000
03:06:01 UTC[lower-alpha 3]
22:06:01 EST

Sts-97-patch
Endeavour 5 10d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 4A: P6 solar arrays, radiators
[113]Template:Sfn
102 7 February 2001
23:13:02 UTC
18:13:02 EST

Sts-98-patch
Atlantis 5 12d 21h Edwards
  • ISS assembly flight 5A: Destiny lab
[114]Template:Sfn
103 8 March 2001
11:42:09 UTC
06:42:09 EST

Sts-102-patch
Discovery 7/7 12d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
[115]Template:Sfn
104 19 April 2001
18:40:42 UTC
14:40:42 EDT

Sts-100-patch
Endeavour 7 11d 21h Edwards
  • ISS assembly flight 6A: robotic arm
  • First spacewalk by a Canadian Chris Hadfield
[116]Template:Sfn
105 12 July 2001
09:03:59 UTC
05:03:59 EDT

Sts-104-patch
Atlantis 5 12d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 7A: Quest Joint Airlock
[117]Template:Sfn
106 10 August 2001
21:10:14 UTC
17:10:14 EDT

Sts-105-patch
Discovery 7/7 11d 21h Kennedy
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
[118]Template:Sfn
107 5 December 2001
22:19:28 UTC
17:19:28 EST

Sts-108-patch
Endeavour 7/7 11d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
[119]Template:Sfn
108 1 March 2002
11:22:02 UTC
06:22:02 EST

Sts-109-patch
Columbia 7 10d 22h Kennedy [120]Template:Sfn
109 8 April 2002
20:44:19 UTC
16:44:19 EDT

STS-110 patch
Atlantis 7 10d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 8A: S0 truss
[121]Template:Sfn
110 5 June 2002
21:22:49 UTC
17:22:49 EDT

Sts-111-patch
Endeavour 7/7 13d 20h Edwards
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
  • Mobile Base System
[122]Template:Sfn
111 7 October 2002
19:45:51 UTC
15:45:51 EDT

Sts-112-patch
Atlantis 6 10d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 9A: S1 truss
[123]Template:Sfn
112 23 November 2002
24:49:47 UTC
19:49:47 EST

Sts-113-patch
Endeavour 7/7 13d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 11A: P1 truss, crew rotation
  • Last successful mission before STS-107
[124]Template:Sfn
113 16 January 2003
15:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EST

STS-107 Flight Insignia
Columbia 7 15d 22h Did not land [lower-alpha 2] [125]Template:Sfn
114 26 July 2005
14:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EDT

STS-114 patch
Discovery 7 13d 21h Edwards
  • First post Columbia flight
  • Flight safety Evaluation/testing
  • ISS supply/repair
  • MPLM Raffaello
[126]Template:Sfn
115 4 July 2006
18:37:55 UTC
14:37:55 EDT

STS-121 patch
Discovery 7/6 12d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS Flight ULF1.1: supply and crew rotation
  • MPLM Leonardo
[127]Template:Sfn
116 9 September 2006
15:14:55 UTC
11:14:55 EDT

STS-115 patch
Atlantis 6 11d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 12A: P3/P4 Truss, Solar Arrays
[128]Template:Sfn
117 9 December 2006
24:47:35 UTC
20:47:35 EDT

Sts-116-patch
Discovery 7/7 12d 21h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 12A.1: P5 Truss & SPACEHAB-SM
  • Crew rotation
[129]Template:Sfn
118 8 June 2007
23:38:04 UTC
19:38:04 EDT

STS-117 patch
Atlantis 7/7 13d 20h Edwards
  • ISS assembly flight 13A: S3/S4 Truss, Solar Arrays
  • Crew rotation
[130]Template:Sfn
119 8 August 2007
22:36:42 UTC
18:36:42 EDT

STS-118 patch new
Endeavour 7 12d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 13A.1: S5 Truss & SPACEHAB-SM & ESP-3
  • First use of Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS)
[131]Template:Sfn
120 23 October 2007
03:38:19 UTC[lower-alpha 3]
23:38:19 EDT

Sts-120-patch
Discovery 7/7 15d 02h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 10A: US Harmony module
  • Crew rotation
[132]Template:Sfn
121 7 February 2008
19:45:30 UTC
14:45:30 EST

STS-122 patch
Atlantis 7/7 12d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 1E: European Laboratory Columbus
  • Crew rotation
[133]Template:Sfn
122 11 March 2008
06:28:14 UTC
02:28:14 EDT

STS-123 patch
Endeavour 7/7 15d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 1J/A: Experiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section (ELM PS) & SPDM
  • Crew rotation
[134]Template:Sfn
123 31 May 2008
21:02:12 UTC
17:02:12 EDT

STS-124 patch
Discovery 7/7 13d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 1J: Japanese modules Kibo and RMS
[135]Template:Sfn
124 14 November 2008
24:55:39 UTC
19:55:39 EST

STS-126 patch
Endeavour 7/7 15d 20h Edwards
  • ISS assembly flight ULF2: MPLM Leonardo
  • Crew rotation
[136]Template:Sfn
125 15 March 2009
23:43:44 UTC
19:43:44 EDT

STS-119 Patch
Discovery 7/7 12d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 15A: S6 Truss, Solar Arrays
[137]Template:Sfn
126 11 May 2009
18:01:56 UTC
14:01:56 EDT

STS-125 patch
Atlantis 7 12d 21h Edwards [138]Template:Sfn[139]
127 15 July 2009
22:03:10 UTC
18:03:10 EDT

STS-127 patch
Endeavour 7/7 15d 16h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Modoules Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES
[140]Template:Sfn
128 28 August 2009
03:59:37 UTC[lower-alpha 3]
23:59:37 EDT

STS-128 patch
Discovery 7/7 13d 21h Edwards
  • ISS assembly flight 17A: MPLM Leonardo
  • Crew rotation
  • Final landing at Edwards AFB
[141]Template:Sfn
129 16 November 2009
19:28:01 UTC
14:28:01 EST

STS-129 patch
Atlantis 6/7 10d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight ULF3: ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs) 1 & 2
[142]Template:Sfn
130 8 February 2010
09:14:07 UTC
04:14:07 EST

STS-130 patch
Endeavour 6 13d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 20A: Node 3 and Cupola
[143]Template:Sfn
131 5 April 2010
10:21:25 UTC
06:21:25 EDT

STS-131 patch
Discovery 7 15d 03h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight 19A: Utility and Logistics Flight 4: Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Leonardo
  • Last night launch of the Shuttle Program
[144]Template:Sfn
132 14 May 2010
18:20:09 UTC
14:20:09 EDT

STS-132 patch
Atlantis 6 11d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight ULF4: Mini-Research Module 1
[145]Template:Sfn
133 24 February 2011
21:53:24 UTC
16:53:24 EST

STS-133 patch
Discovery 6 12d 19h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight ULF5, Pressurized Multipurpose Module Leonardo, ExPRESS Logistics Carrier 4
  • Final flight of Discovery
[146]Template:Sfn
134 16 May 2011
24:55:42 UTC
20:55:42 EDT

STS-134 patch
Endeavour 6 15d 18h Kennedy
  • ISS assembly flight ULF6, ELC 3, Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
  • Final flight of Endeavour
[147]Template:Sfn
135 8 July 2011
15:29:04 UTC
11:29:04 EDT

STS-135 Patch
Atlantis 4 12d 18h Kennedy
  • Payload Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Raffaello
  • Final flight of Atlantis
  • Final flight of the Space Shuttle program
[148]Template:Sfn[149]

Cancelled missions[]

Main article: Canceled Space Shuttle missions

One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.

Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure),Template:Sfn STS-35 (weather),[50] STS-44 (equipment failure),Template:Sfn and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).Template:Sfn

Contingency missions[]

Space shuttles Atlantis (STS-125) and Endeavour (STS-400) on launch pads

Atlantis and Endeavour on LC-39A and LC-39B. Endeavour was slated to launch for STS-400 rescue mission should Atlantis (STS-125) be found unable to return safely to Earth.

Main article: STS-3xx

STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.[150][151][152] The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions was ever flown.[153]

No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[154]

Flight Rescue Flight
STS-114 (Discovery) STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-121 (Discovery) STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-115 (Atlantis) STS-301 (Discovery)
STS-116 (Discovery) STS-317 (Atlantis)
STS-117 (Atlantis) STS-318 (Endeavour)
STS-118 (Endeavour) STS-322 (Discovery)
STS-120 (Discovery) STS-320 (Atlantis)Template:Refn
STS-122 (Atlantis) STS-323 (Discovery)Template:Refn
STS-123 (Endeavour) STS-324 (Discovery)
STS-124 (Discovery) STS-326 (Endeavour)
STS-125 (Atlantis) STS-400 (Endeavour)
STS-134 (Endeavour) STS-335 (Atlantis)

Flight statistics[]

Key
Template:Double-dagger  Test vehicle
Template:Dagger  Lost
Shuttle Designation Flights Flight days Orbits Longest flight First flight Last flight MIR/ISS
Docking
Sources
Flight Date Flight Date
Enterprise Template:Double-dagger OV-101 5 00d 00h 19m 0 00d 00h 05m ALT-12 12 August 1977 ALT-16 26 October 1977 – / – Template:Sfn[155][156][157]
Columbia Template:Dagger OV-102 28 300d 17h 47m 15s 4,808 17d 15h 53m 18s STS-1 12 April 1981 STS-107 16 January 2003 0 / 0 Template:Sfn[155][158][159]
Challenger Template:Dagger OV-099 10 62d 07h 56m 15s 995 08d 05h 23m 33s STS-6 4 April 1983 STS-51-L 28 January 1986 0 / 0 Template:Sfn[155][160][161]
Discovery OV-103 39 364d 22h 39m 29s 5,830 15d 02h 48m 08s STS-41-D 30 August 1984 STS-133 24 February 2011 1 / 13 Template:Sfn[155][162][163]
Atlantis OV-104 33 306d 14h 12m 43s 4,848 13d 20h 12m 44s STS-51-J 3 October 1985 STS-135 8 July 2011 7 / 12 Template:Sfn[155][164][165]
Endeavour OV-105 25 296d 03h 34m 02s 4,677 16d 15h 08m 48s STS-49 7 May 1992 STS-134 16 May 2011 1 / 12 Template:Sfn[155][166][167]
Total Template:N/a 135 1330d 18h 9m 44s 21,158 Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a 9 / 37 Template:N/a

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html. Retrieved 26 November 2014. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Malik, Tarik (21 July 2011). "NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html. Retrieved 18 June 2014. 
  3. Pinchefsky, Carol (18 April 2012). "5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/04/18/5-horrifying-facts-you-didnt-know-about-the-space-shuttle/2/. Retrieved 6 January 2015. 
  4. "Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2011. FS-2011-7-142-KSC. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf. Retrieved 6 January 2015. 
  5. "Space Shuttle Launch and Landing". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 11 September 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/. Retrieved 6 January 2015. 
  6. "Robert L. Crippen" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 26 May 2006. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf. 
  7. "Terry J. Hart" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 10 April 2003. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf. 
  8. "Paul J. Weitz" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 26 March 2000. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf. 
  9. "James D. A. van Hoften" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 5 December 2007. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf. 
  10. Norton, Lily (30 June 2011). "8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12127-8-surprising-space-shuttle-facts.html. Retrieved 15 December 2012. 
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Dumoulin, Jim. "Enterprise(OV-101)". Kennedy Space Center. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html. Retrieved 28 January 2013. 
  12. 12.0 12.1 Howell, Elizabeth (9 October 2012). "Enterprise: The Test Shuttle". Space.com. http://www.space.com/17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html. Retrieved 28 January 2013. 
  13. Template:Cite news
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Template:Cite journal
  15. "Mission Archives: STS-4". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-4.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  16. "Mission Archives: STS-5". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-5.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  17. "Mission Archives: STS-6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-6.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  18. "Mission Archives: STS-7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-7.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  19. "Mission Archives: STS-8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-8.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  20. "Mission Archives: STS-9". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-9.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  21. "Mission Archives: STS-41B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41B.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  22. Template:Cite news
  23. "Mission Archives: STS-41C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41C.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  24. "Mission Archives: STS-41D". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41D.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  25. "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41G.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  26. "Mission Archives: STS-51A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51A.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  27. "Mission Archives: STS-51C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51C.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  28. "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51D.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  29. "Mission Archives: STS-51B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51B.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  30. "Mission Archives: STS-51G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51G.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  31. "Mission Archives: STS-51F". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51F.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  32. "Mission Archives: STS-51I". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51I.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  33. "Mission Archives: STS-51J". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51J.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  34. "Mission Archives: STS-61A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61A.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  35. "Mission Archives: STS-61B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61B.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  36. "Mission Archives: STS-61C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61C.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  37. "Mission Archives: STS-51L". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51L.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  38. "Mission Archives: STS-26". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-26.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  39. "Mission Archives: STS-27". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-27.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  40. "Mission Archives: STS-29". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-29.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  41. "Mission Archives: STS-30". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-30.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  42. "Mission Archives: STS-28". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-28.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  43. "Mission Archives: STS-34". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-34.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  44. "Mission Archives: STS-33". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-33.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  45. "Mission Archives: STS-32". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-32.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  46. "Mission Archives: STS-36". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-36.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  47. "Mission Archives: STS-31". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-31.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  48. "Mission Archives: STS-41". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  49. "Mission Archives: STS-38". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-38.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  50. 50.0 50.1 "Mission Archives: STS-35". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-35.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  51. "Mission Archives: STS-37". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-37.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  52. "Mission Archives: STS-39". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-39.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012. 
  53. "Mission Archives: STS-40". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-40.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  54. "Mission Archives: STS-43". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-43.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  55. "Mission Archives: STS-48". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-48.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  56. "Mission Archives: STS-44". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-44.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  57. "Mission Archives: STS-42". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-42.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  58. "Mission Archives: STS-45". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-45.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  59. "Mission Archives: STS-49". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-49.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  60. "Mission Archives: STS-50". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-50.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  61. "Mission Archives: STS-46". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-46.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  62. "Mission Archives: STS-47". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-47.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 
  63. "Mission Archives: STS-52". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-52.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  64. "Mission Archives: STS-53". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-53.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  65. "Mission Archives: STS-54". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-54.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  66. "Mission Archives: STS-56". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-56.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  67. "Mission Archives: STS-55". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-55.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
  68. "Mission Archives: STS-57". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-57.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012. 
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References[]

Bibliography[]

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External links[]

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