- For missions flown by the Soviet Buran spacecraft, sometimes referred to as a space shuttle, see List of Buran missions.
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites (including the Hubble Space Telescope), conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.
From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time the fleet totaled 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.[2] The longest orbital flight of the shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds, cut short when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS 37 times. The highest altitude achieved by the shuttle was 350 miles when servicing the Hubble Space Telescope.[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries.[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and once at White Sands, New Mexico.[5]
The first orbiter, Enterprise, was built solely for atmospheric flight tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.Template:Sfn
Flight numbering[]
The U.S. Space Shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".[2] Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to NASA Administrator James M. Beggs' triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,[6][7][8][9] beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-L originally for FY 1985 and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex (SLC) 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.[10] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.Template:Sfn The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L, and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.
After the Challenger disaster, NASA returned to using a sequential numbering system, with the number counting from the beginning of the STS program. Unlike the initial system, however, the numbers were assigned based on the initial mission schedule, and did not always reflect actual launch order. This numbering scheme started at 26, with the first flight as STS-26R—the R suffix stood for "reflight" to disambiguate from prior missions. The suffix was used for two years through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.Template:Sfn As a result of the changes in systems, flights under different numbering systems could have the same number with one having a letter appended, e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984).Template:Sfn
Shuttle flights[]
Test flights[]
- Main article: Approach and Landing Tests
The Approach and Landing Test Programme encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, unmanned and manned flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA).
Order | Launch date | Mission | Shuttle | Crew | Duration | Landing site | Notes | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 August 1977 | ALT-12 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00d 00h 05m | Edwards |
|
Template:Sfn[11]Template:Sfn[12] |
2 | 13 September 1977 | ALT-13 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00d 00h 05m | Edwards |
|
Template:Sfn[11] |
3 | 23 September 1977 | ALT-14 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00d 00h 05m | Edwards |
|
Template:Sfn[11] |
4 | 12 October 1977 | ALT-15 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00d 00h 02m | Edwards |
|
Template:Sfn[11][12]Template:Sfn |
5 | 26 October 1977 | ALT-16 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00d 00h 02m | Edwards |
|
Template:Sfn[11]Template:Sfn |
Launches and orbital flights[]
Order | Launch date | Mission | Shuttle | Crew[lower-alpha 1] | Duration | Landing site | Notes | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 April 1981 12:00:04 UTC 07:00:04 EST |
Columbia | 2 | 02d 06h | Edwards |
|
Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | |
2 | 12 November 1981 15:10:00 UTC 10:10:00 EST |
Columbia | 2 | 02d 06h | Edwards |
|
Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn | |
3 | 22 March 1982 16:00:00 UTC 11:00:00 EST |
Columbia | 2 | 08d 00h | White Sands |
|
Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[13] | |
4 | 27 June 1982 15:00:00 UTC 11:00:00 EDT |
Columbia | 2 | 07d 01h | Edwards |
|
Template:Sfn[14][15]Template:Sfn | |
5 | 11 November 1982 12:19:00 UTC 07:19:00 EST |
Columbia | 4 | 05d 02h | Edwards |
|
Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[16]Template:Sfn | |
6 | 4 April 1983 18:30:00 UTC 13:30:00 EST |
Challenger | 4 | 05d 00h | Edwards |
|
[17]Template:Sfn | |
7 | 18 June 1983 11:33:00 UTC 07:33:00 EDT |
Challenger | 5 | 06d 02h | Edwards |
|
[18]Template:Sfn | |
8 | 30 August 1983 06:32:00 UTC 02:32:00 EDT |
Challenger | 5 | 06d 01h | Edwards |
|
[19]Template:Sfn | |
9 | 28 November 1983 16:00:00 UTC 11:00:00 EST |
Columbia | 6 | 10d 07h | Edwards |
|
[20]Template:Sfn | |
10 | 3 February 1984 13:00:00 UTC 08:00:00 EST |
Challenger | 5 | 07d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[21]Template:Sfn | |
11 | 6 April 1984 13:58:00 UTC 08:58:00 EST |
Challenger | 5 | 06d 23h | Edwards |
|
[22][23]Template:Sfn | |
12 | 30 August 1984 12:41:50 UTC 08:41:50 EDT |
Discovery | 6 | 06d 00h | Edwards |
|
[24]Template:Sfn | |
13 | 5 October 1984 11:03:00 UTC 07:03:00 EDT |
Challenger | 7 | 08d 05h | Kennedy |
|
[25]Template:Sfn | |
14 | 8 November 1984 12:15:00 UTC 07:15:00 EST |
Discovery | 5 | 07d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[26]Template:Sfn | |
15 | 24 January 1985 19:50:00 UTC 14:50:00 EST |
Discovery | 5 | 03d 01h | Kennedy |
|
[14][27]Template:Sfn | |
16 | 12 April 1985 13:59:05 UTC 08:59:05 EST |
Discovery | 7 | 06d 23h | Kennedy | [28]Template:Sfn | ||
17 | 29 April 1985 16:02:18 UTC 12:02:18 EDT |
Challenger | 7 | 07d 00h | Edwards |
|
[29]Template:Sfn | |
18 | 17 June 1985 11:33:00 UTC 07:33:00 EDT |
Discovery | 7 | 07d 01h | Edwards |
|
[30]Template:Sfn | |
19 | 29 July 1985 22:00:00 UTC 18:00:00 EDT |
Challenger | 7 | 07d 22h | Edwards |
|
[31]Template:Sfn | |
20 | 27 August 1985 10:58:01 UTC 06:58:01 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 07d 02h | Edwards |
|
[32]Template:Sfn | |
21 | 3 October 1985 15:15:30 UTC 11:15:30 EDT |
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 01h | Edwards |
|
[14][33]Template:Sfn | |
22 | 30 October 1985 17:00:00 UTC 12:00:00 EST |
Challenger | 8 | 07d 00h | Edwards |
|
[34]Template:Sfn | |
23 | 26 November 1985 24:29:00 UTC 19:29:00 EST |
Atlantis | 7 | 06d 21h | Edwards |
|
[35]Template:Sfn | |
24 | 12 January 1986 11:55:00 UTC 06:55:00 EST |
Columbia | 7 | 06d 02h | Edwards |
|
[36]Template:Sfn | |
25 | 28 January 1986 16:38:00 UTC 11:38:00 EST |
Challenger | 7 | 00d 00h 01m 13s | Did not land [lower-alpha 2] |
|
[37]Template:Sfn | |
26 | 29 September 1988 15:37:00 UTC 11:37:00 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 04d 01h | Edwards |
|
[38]Template:Sfn | |
27 | 2 December 1988 14:30:34 UTC 09:30:34 EST |
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 09h | Edwards |
|
[14][39]Template:Sfn | |
28 | 13 March 1989 14:57:00 UTC 09:57:00 EST |
Discovery | 5 | 04d 23h | Edwards |
|
[40]Template:Sfn | |
29 | 4 May 1989 18:46:59 UTC 14:46:59 EDT |
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 00h | Edwards |
|
[41]Template:Sfn | |
30 | 8 August 1989 12:37:00 UTC 08:37:00 EDT |
Columbia | 5 | 05d 01h | Edwards |
|
[14][42]Template:Sfn | |
31 | 18 October 1989 16:53:40 UTC 12:53:40 EDT |
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 23h | Edwards |
|
[43]Template:Sfn | |
32 | 22 November 1989 24:23:30 UTC 19:23:30 EST |
Discovery | 5 | 05d 00h | Edwards |
|
[14][44]Template:Sfn | |
33 | 9 January 1990 12:35:00 UTC 07:35:00 EST |
Columbia | 5 | 10d 21h | Edwards |
|
[45]Template:Sfn | |
34 | 28 February 1990 07:50:22 UTC 02:50:22 EST |
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 10h | Edwards |
|
[14][46]Template:Sfn | |
35 | 24 April 1990 12:33:51 UTC 08:33:51 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 05d 01h | Edwards |
|
[47]Template:Sfn | |
36 | 6 October 1990 11:47:15 UTC 07:47:15 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 04d 02h | Edwards |
|
[48]Template:Sfn | |
37 | 15 November 1990 23:48:15 UTC 18:48:15 EST |
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[14][49]Template:Sfn | |
38 | 2 December 1990 06:49:01 UTC 01:49:01 EST |
Columbia | 7 | 08d 23h | Edwards |
|
[50]Template:Sfn | |
39 | 5 April 1991 14:22:45 UTC 09:22:45 EST |
Atlantis | 5 | 05d 23h | Edwards |
|
[51]Template:Sfn | |
40 | 28 April 1991 11:33:14 UTC 07:33:14 EDT |
Discovery | 7 | 08d 07h | Kennedy |
|
[14][52]Template:Sfn | |
41 | 5 June 1991 13:24:51 UTC 09:24:51 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 09d 02h | Edwards |
|
[53]Template:Sfn | |
42 | 2 August 1991 15:02:00 UTC 11:02:00 EDT |
Atlantis | 5 | 08d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[54]Template:Sfn | |
43 | 12 September 1991 23:11:04 UTC 19:11:04 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 05d 08h | Edwards |
|
[55]Template:Sfn | |
44 | 24 November 1991 23:44:00 UTC 18:44:00 EST |
Atlantis | 6 | 06d 22h | Edwards |
|
[56]Template:Sfn | |
45 | 22 January 1992 14:52:33 UTC 09:52:33 EST |
Discovery | 7 | 08d 01h | Edwards |
|
[57]Template:Sfn | |
46 | 24 March 1992 13:13:40 UTC 08:13:40 EST |
Atlantis | 7 | 08d 22h | Kennedy |
|
[58]Template:Sfn | |
47 | 7 May 1992 23:40:00 UTC 19:40:00 EDT |
Endeavour | 7 | 08d 21h | Edwards |
|
[59]Template:Sfn | |
48 | 25 June 1992 16:12:23 UTC 12:12:23 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 13d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[60]Template:Sfn | |
49 | 31 July 1992 13:56:48 UTC 09:56:48 EDT |
Atlantis | 7 | 07d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[61]Template:Sfn | |
50 | 12 September 1992 14:23:00 UTC 10:23:00 EDT |
Endeavour | 7 | 07d 22h | Kennedy |
|
[62]Template:Sfn | |
51 | 22 October 1992 17:09:39 UTC 13:09:39 EDT |
Columbia | 6 | 09d 20h | Kennedy |
|
[63]Template:Sfn | |
52 | 2 December 1992 13:24:00 UTC 08:24:00 EST |
Discovery | 5 | 07d 07h | Edwards |
|
[14][64]Template:Sfn | |
53 | 13 January 1993 13:59:30 UTC 08:59:30 EST |
Endeavour | 5 | 05d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[65]Template:Sfn | |
54 | 8 April 1993 05:29:00 UTC 01:29:00 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 09d 06h | Kennedy |
|
[66]Template:Sfn | |
55 | 26 April 1993 14:50:00 UTC 10:50:00 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 09d 23h | Edwards |
|
[67]Template:Sfn | |
56 | 21 June 1993 13:07:22 UTC 09:07:22 EDT |
Endeavour | 6 | 09d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[68]Template:Sfn | |
57 | 12 September 1993 11:45:00 UTC 07:45:00 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 09d 20h | Kennedy |
|
[69]Template:Sfn | |
58 | 18 October 1993 14:53:10 UTC 10:53:10 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 14d 00h | Edwards |
|
[70]Template:Sfn | |
59 | 2 December 1993 09:27:00 UTC 04:27:00 EST |
Endeavour | 7 | 10d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[71]Template:Sfn | |
60 | 3 February 1994 12:10:00 UTC 07:10:00 EST |
Discovery | 6 | 07d 06h | Kennedy |
|
[72]Template:Sfn | |
61 | 4 March 1994 13:53:00 UTC 08:53:00 EST |
Columbia | 5 | 13d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[73]Template:Sfn | |
62 | 9 April 1994 11:05:00 UTC 07:05:00 EDT |
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 05h | Edwards |
|
[74]Template:Sfn | |
63 | 8 July 1994 04:43:00 UTC 00:43:00 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 14d 17h | Kennedy |
|
[75]Template:Sfn | |
64 | 9 September 1994 22:22:05 UTC 18:22:05 EDT |
Discovery | 6 | 10d 22h | Edwards |
|
[76]Template:Sfn | |
65 | 30 September 1994 11:16:00 UTC 07:16:00 EDT |
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 05h | Edwards |
|
[77]Template:Sfn | |
66 | 3 November 1994 16:59:43 UTC 11:59:43 EST |
Atlantis | 6 | 10d 22h | Edwards |
|
[78]Template:Sfn | |
67 | 3 February 1995 05:22:04 UTC 00:22:04 EST |
Discovery | 6 | 08d 06h | Kennedy |
|
[79]Template:Sfn | |
68 | 2 March 1995 06:38:13 UTC 01:38:13 EST |
Endeavour | 7 | 16d 15h | Edwards |
|
[80]Template:Sfn | |
69 | 27 June 1995 19:32:19 UTC 15:32:19 EDT |
Atlantis | 7/8 | 09d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[81]Template:Sfn | |
70 | 13 July 1995 13:41:55 UTC 09:41:55 EDT |
Discovery | 5 | 08d 22h | Kennedy |
|
[82]Template:Sfn | |
71 | 7 September 1995 15:09:00 UTC 11:09:00 EDT |
Endeavour | 5 | 10d 20h | Kennedy |
|
[83]Template:Sfn | |
72 | 20 October 1995 13:53:00 UTC 09:53:00 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 15d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[84]Template:Sfn | |
73 | 12 November 1995 12:30:43 UTC 07:30:43 EST |
Atlantis | 5 | 08d 04h | Kennedy |
|
Template:Sfn[85] | |
74 | 11 January 1996 09:41:00 UTC 04:41:00 EST |
Endeavour | 6 | 08d 22h | Kennedy |
|
[86]Template:Sfn | |
75 | 22 February 1996 20:18:00 UTC 15:18:00 EST |
Columbia | 7 | 15d 17h | Kennedy |
|
[87]Template:Sfn | |
76 | 22 March 1996 08:13:04 UTC 03:13:04 EST |
Atlantis | 6/5 | 09d 05h | Edwards |
|
[88]Template:Sfn | |
77 | 19 May 1996 10:30:00 UTC 06:30:00 EDT |
Endeavour | 6 | 10d 00h | Kennedy |
|
[89]Template:Sfn | |
78 | 20 June 1996 14:49:00 UTC 10:49:00 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 16d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[90]Template:Sfn | |
79 | 16 September 1996 08:54:49 UTC 04:54:49 EDT |
Atlantis | 6/6 | 10d 03h | Kennedy |
|
[91]Template:Sfn | |
80 | 19 November 1996 19:55:47 UTC 14:55:47 EST |
Columbia | 5 | 17d 15h | Kennedy |
|
[92]Template:Sfn | |
81 | 12 January 1997 09:27:23 UTC 04:27:23 EST |
Atlantis | 6/6 | 10d 04h | Kennedy |
|
[93]Template:Sfn | |
82 | 11 February 1997 08:55:17 UTC 03:55:17 EST |
Discovery | 7 | 09d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[94]Template:Sfn | |
83 | 4 April 1997 19:20:32 UTC 14:20:32 EST |
Columbia | 7 | 03d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[95]Template:Sfn | |
84 | 15 May 1997 08:07:48 UTC 04:07:48 EDT |
Atlantis | 7/7 | 09d 05h | Kennedy |
|
[96]Template:Sfn | |
85 | 1 July 1997 18:02:00 UTC 14:02:00 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 15d 16h | Kennedy |
|
[97]Template:Sfn | |
86 | 7 August 1997 14:41:00 UTC 10:41:00 EDT |
Discovery | 6 | 11d 20h | Kennedy |
|
[98]Template:Sfn | |
87 | 25 September 1997 14:34:19 UTC 10:34:19 EDT |
Atlantis | 7/7 | 10d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[99]Template:Sfn | |
88 | 19 November 1997 19:46:00 UTC 14:46:00 EST |
Columbia | 6 | 15d 16h | Kennedy |
|
[100]Template:Sfn | |
89 | 22 January 1998 02:48:15 UTC[lower-alpha 3] 21:48:15 EST |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 08d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[101]Template:Sfn | |
90 | 17 April 1998 18:19:00 UTC 14:19:00 EDT |
Columbia | 7 | 15d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[102]Template:Sfn | |
91 | 2 June 1998 22:06:24 UTC 18:06:24 EDT |
Discovery | 6/7 | 09d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[103]Template:Sfn | |
92 | 29 October 1998 19:19:34 UTC 14:19:34 EST |
Discovery | 7 | 08d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[104]Template:Sfn | |
93 | 4 December 1998 08:35:34 UTC 03:35:34 EST |
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 19h | Kennedy | [105]Template:Sfn | ||
94 | 27 May 1999 10:49:42 UTC 06:49:42 EDT |
Discovery | 7 | 09d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[106]Template:Sfn | |
95 | 23 July 1999 04:31:00 UTC 00:31:00 EDT |
Columbia | 5 | 04d 22h | Kennedy |
|
[107]Template:Sfn | |
96 | 19 December 1999 24:50:00 UTC 19:50:00 EST |
Discovery | 7 | 07d 23h | Kennedy |
|
[108]Template:Sfn | |
97 | 11 February 2000 16:43:40 UTC 12:43:40 EDT |
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 05h | Kennedy | [109]Template:Sfn | ||
98 | 19 May 2000 10:11:10 UTC 06:11:10 EDT |
Atlantis | 7 | 09d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[110]Template:Sfn | |
99 | 8 September 2000 12:45:47 UTC 08:45:47 EDT |
Atlantis | 7 | 11d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[111]Template:Sfn | |
100 | 11 October 2000 23:17:00 UTC 18:17:00 EST |
Discovery | 7 | 12d 21h | Edwards |
|
[112]Template:Sfn | |
101 | 30 November 2000 03:06:01 UTC[lower-alpha 3] 22:06:01 EST |
Endeavour | 5 | 10d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[113]Template:Sfn | |
102 | 7 February 2001 23:13:02 UTC 18:13:02 EST |
Atlantis | 5 | 12d 21h | Edwards |
|
[114]Template:Sfn | |
103 | 8 March 2001 11:42:09 UTC 06:42:09 EST |
Discovery | 7/7 | 12d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[115]Template:Sfn | |
104 | 19 April 2001 18:40:42 UTC 14:40:42 EDT |
Endeavour | 7 | 11d 21h | Edwards |
|
[116]Template:Sfn | |
105 | 12 July 2001 09:03:59 UTC 05:03:59 EDT |
Atlantis | 5 | 12d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[117]Template:Sfn | |
106 | 10 August 2001 21:10:14 UTC 17:10:14 EDT |
Discovery | 7/7 | 11d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[118]Template:Sfn | |
107 | 5 December 2001 22:19:28 UTC 17:19:28 EST |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 11d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[119]Template:Sfn | |
108 | 1 March 2002 11:22:02 UTC 06:22:02 EST |
Columbia | 7 | 10d 22h | Kennedy |
|
[120]Template:Sfn | |
109 | 8 April 2002 20:44:19 UTC 16:44:19 EDT |
Atlantis | 7 | 10d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[121]Template:Sfn | |
110 | 5 June 2002 21:22:49 UTC 17:22:49 EDT |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 13d 20h | Edwards |
|
[122]Template:Sfn | |
111 | 7 October 2002 19:45:51 UTC 15:45:51 EDT |
Atlantis | 6 | 10d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[123]Template:Sfn | |
112 | 23 November 2002 24:49:47 UTC 19:49:47 EST |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 13d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[124]Template:Sfn | |
113 | 16 January 2003 15:39:00 UTC 10:39:00 EST |
Columbia | 7 | 15d 22h | Did not land [lower-alpha 2] |
|
[125]Template:Sfn | |
114 | 26 July 2005 14:39:00 UTC 10:39:00 EDT |
Discovery | 7 | 13d 21h | Edwards | [126]Template:Sfn | ||
115 | 4 July 2006 18:37:55 UTC 14:37:55 EDT |
Discovery | 7/6 | 12d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[127]Template:Sfn | |
116 | 9 September 2006 15:14:55 UTC 11:14:55 EDT |
Atlantis | 6 | 11d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[128]Template:Sfn | |
117 | 9 December 2006 24:47:35 UTC 20:47:35 EDT |
Discovery | 7/7 | 12d 21h | Kennedy |
|
[129]Template:Sfn | |
118 | 8 June 2007 23:38:04 UTC 19:38:04 EDT |
Atlantis | 7/7 | 13d 20h | Edwards |
|
[130]Template:Sfn | |
119 | 8 August 2007 22:36:42 UTC 18:36:42 EDT |
Endeavour | 7 | 12d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[131]Template:Sfn | |
120 | 23 October 2007 03:38:19 UTC[lower-alpha 3] 23:38:19 EDT |
Discovery | 7/7 | 15d 02h | Kennedy |
|
[132]Template:Sfn | |
121 | 7 February 2008 19:45:30 UTC 14:45:30 EST |
Atlantis | 7/7 | 12d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[133]Template:Sfn | |
122 | 11 March 2008 06:28:14 UTC 02:28:14 EDT |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 15d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[134]Template:Sfn | |
123 | 31 May 2008 21:02:12 UTC 17:02:12 EDT |
Discovery | 7/7 | 13d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[135]Template:Sfn | |
124 | 14 November 2008 24:55:39 UTC 19:55:39 EST |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 15d 20h | Edwards |
|
[136]Template:Sfn | |
125 | 15 March 2009 23:43:44 UTC 19:43:44 EDT |
Discovery | 7/7 | 12d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[137]Template:Sfn | |
126 | 11 May 2009 18:01:56 UTC 14:01:56 EDT |
Atlantis | 7 | 12d 21h | Edwards |
|
[138]Template:Sfn[139] | |
127 | 15 July 2009 22:03:10 UTC 18:03:10 EDT |
Endeavour | 7/7 | 15d 16h | Kennedy |
|
[140]Template:Sfn | |
128 | 28 August 2009 03:59:37 UTC[lower-alpha 3] 23:59:37 EDT |
Discovery | 7/7 | 13d 21h | Edwards |
|
[141]Template:Sfn | |
129 | 16 November 2009 19:28:01 UTC 14:28:01 EST |
Atlantis | 6/7 | 10d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[142]Template:Sfn | |
130 | 8 February 2010 09:14:07 UTC 04:14:07 EST |
Endeavour | 6 | 13d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[143]Template:Sfn | |
131 | 5 April 2010 10:21:25 UTC 06:21:25 EDT |
Discovery | 7 | 15d 03h | Kennedy |
|
[144]Template:Sfn | |
132 | 14 May 2010 18:20:09 UTC 14:20:09 EDT |
Atlantis | 6 | 11d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[145]Template:Sfn | |
133 | 24 February 2011 21:53:24 UTC 16:53:24 EST |
Discovery | 6 | 12d 19h | Kennedy |
|
[146]Template:Sfn | |
134 | 16 May 2011 24:55:42 UTC 20:55:42 EDT |
Endeavour | 6 | 15d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[147]Template:Sfn | |
135 | 8 July 2011 15:29:04 UTC 11:29:04 EDT |
Atlantis | 4 | 12d 18h | Kennedy |
|
[148]Template:Sfn[149] |
Cancelled missions[]
- Main article: Canceled Space Shuttle missions
One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.
Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure),Template:Sfn STS-35 (weather),[50] STS-44 (equipment failure),Template:Sfn and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).Template:Sfn
Contingency missions[]
- Main article: STS-3xx
STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.[150][151][152] The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions was ever flown.[153]
No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[154]
Flight | Rescue Flight |
---|---|
STS-114 (Discovery) | STS-300 (Atlantis) |
STS-121 (Discovery) | STS-300 (Atlantis) |
STS-115 (Atlantis) | STS-301 (Discovery) |
STS-116 (Discovery) | STS-317 (Atlantis) |
STS-117 (Atlantis) | STS-318 (Endeavour) |
STS-118 (Endeavour) | STS-322 (Discovery) |
STS-120 (Discovery) | STS-320 (Atlantis)Template:Refn |
STS-122 (Atlantis) | STS-323 (Discovery)Template:Refn |
STS-123 (Endeavour) | STS-324 (Discovery) |
STS-124 (Discovery) | STS-326 (Endeavour) |
STS-125 (Atlantis) | STS-400 (Endeavour) |
STS-134 (Endeavour) | STS-335 (Atlantis) |
Flight statistics[]
Key | |
Template:Double-dagger | Test vehicle |
Template:Dagger | Lost |
Shuttle | Designation | Flights | Flight days | Orbits | Longest flight | First flight | Last flight | MIR/ISS Docking |
Sources | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flight | Date | Flight | Date | ||||||||
Enterprise Template:Double-dagger | OV-101 | 5 | 00d 00h 19m | 0 | 00d 00h 05m | ALT-12 | 12 August 1977 | ALT-16 | 26 October 1977 | – / – | Template:Sfn[155][156][157] |
Columbia Template:Dagger | OV-102 | 28 | 300d 17h 47m 15s | 4,808 | 17d 15h 53m 18s | STS-1 | 12 April 1981 | STS-107 | 16 January 2003 | 0 / 0 | Template:Sfn[155][158][159] |
Challenger Template:Dagger | OV-099 | 10 | 62d 07h 56m 15s | 995 | 08d 05h 23m 33s | STS-6 | 4 April 1983 | STS-51-L | 28 January 1986 | 0 / 0 | Template:Sfn[155][160][161] |
Discovery | OV-103 | 39 | 364d 22h 39m 29s | 5,830 | 15d 02h 48m 08s | STS-41-D | 30 August 1984 | STS-133 | 24 February 2011 | 1 / 13 | Template:Sfn[155][162][163] |
Atlantis | OV-104 | 33 | 306d 14h 12m 43s | 4,848 | 13d 20h 12m 44s | STS-51-J | 3 October 1985 | STS-135 | 8 July 2011 | 7 / 12 | Template:Sfn[155][164][165] |
Endeavour | OV-105 | 25 | 296d 03h 34m 02s | 4,677 | 16d 15h 08m 48s | STS-49 | 7 May 1992 | STS-134 | 16 May 2011 | 1 / 12 | Template:Sfn[155][166][167] |
Total | Template:N/a | 135 | 1330d 18h 9m 44s | 21,158 | Template:N/a | Template:N/a | Template:N/a | Template:N/a | Template:N/a | 9 / 37 | Template:N/a |
See also[]
- ISS assembly sequence
- List of Buran missions
- List of human spaceflights
- List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station
- List of Space Shuttle crews
- List of space shuttle rollbacks
Notes[]
- ↑ "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Malik, Tarik (21 July 2011). "NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ↑ Pinchefsky, Carol (18 April 2012). "5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/04/18/5-horrifying-facts-you-didnt-know-about-the-space-shuttle/2/. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ "Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2011. FS-2011-7-142-KSC. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ "Space Shuttle Launch and Landing". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 11 September 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ↑ "Robert L. Crippen" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 26 May 2006. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf.
- ↑ "Terry J. Hart" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 10 April 2003. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf.
- ↑ "Paul J. Weitz" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 26 March 2000. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf.
- ↑ "James D. A. van Hoften" (PDF). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 5 December 2007. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf.
- ↑ Norton, Lily (30 June 2011). "8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12127-8-surprising-space-shuttle-facts.html. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Dumoulin, Jim. "Enterprise(OV-101)". Kennedy Space Center. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Howell, Elizabeth (9 October 2012). "Enterprise: The Test Shuttle". Space.com. http://www.space.com/17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Template:Cite journal
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-4". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-4.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-5". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-5.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-6.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-7.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-8.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-9". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-9.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41B.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41C.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41D". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41D.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41G.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51A.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51C.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51D.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51B.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51G.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51F". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51F.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51I". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51I.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51J". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51J.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61A.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61B.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61C.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51L". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51L.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-26". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-26.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-27". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-27.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-29". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-29.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-30". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-30.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-28". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-28.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-34". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-34.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-33". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-33.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-32". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-32.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-36". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-36.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-31". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-31.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-38". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-38.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Mission Archives: STS-35". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-35.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-37". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-37.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-39". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-39.html. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-40". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-40.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-43". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-43.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-48". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-48.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-44". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-44.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-42". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-42.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-45". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-45.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-49". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-49.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-50". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-50.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-46". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-46.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-47". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-47.html. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-52". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-52.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-53". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-53.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-54". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-54.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-56". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-56.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-55". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-55.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-57". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-57.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-58". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-58.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-60". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-60.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-62". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-62.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-59". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-59.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-65". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-65.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-64". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-64.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-68". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-68.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-66". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-66.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-63". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-63.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-67". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-67.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-71". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-71.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-70". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-70.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-69". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-69.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-73". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-73.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-74". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-74.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-72". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-72.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-75". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-75.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-76". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-76.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-77". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-77.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-78". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-78.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-79". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-79.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-80". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-80.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-81". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-81.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-82". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-82.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-83". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-83.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-84". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-84.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-94". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-94.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-85". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-85.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-86". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-86.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-87". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-87.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-89". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-89.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-90". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-90.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-91". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-91.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-95". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-95.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-88". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-88.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-96". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-96.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-93". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-93.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-103". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-103.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-99". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-99.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-101". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-101.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-106". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-106.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-92". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-92.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-97". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-97.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-98". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-98.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-102". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-102.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-100". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-100.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-104". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-104.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-105". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-105.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-108". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-108.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-109". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-109.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-110". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-110.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-111". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-111.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-112". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-112.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-113". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-113.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-107". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-107.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-114". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-114.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-121". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-121.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-115". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-115.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-116". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-116.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts117/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts118/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-120". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-122". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts122/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-123". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts123/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-124". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts124/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-126". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts126/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-119". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts119/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-125". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts125/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ Template:Cite episode
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-127". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts127/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-128". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts128/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-129". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts129/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-130". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts130/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-131". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts131/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-132". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-133". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts133/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-134". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-135". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/main/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ Template:Cite journal
- ↑ NASA (2005). "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" (pdf). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ↑ NASA (2005). "Flight Readiness Review Briefing Transcript" (pdf). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/150494main_frr_brief_20060617.pdf. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (15 April 2007). "NASA Sets New Launch Date Targets Through to STS-124". CSCS flight numbers. NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/04/nasa-sets-new-launch-date-targets-through-to-sts-124/. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
- ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (31 May 2010). "STS-335: NASA Continues Planning for Contingency Launch On Need Mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/05/sts-335-nasa-planning-contingency-launch-on-need-mission/. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 155.4 155.5 "NASA Facts: Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). John F. Kennedy Space Center. http://www.californiasciencecenter.org/GenInfo/MediaRoom/PressReleases/EndeavourLa/presskit_docs/SHUTTLE_ERA_FACTS.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ↑ "Enterprise (OV-101)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ↑ "Fast Facts on the Space Shuttle Enterprise". Fox News Insider. Fox News. http://insider.foxnews.com/2012/04/27/fast-facts-on-the-space-shuttle-enterprise/. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ "Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/challenger.html. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ↑ "Space Shuttle Challenger Facts". Florida Today. https://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110721/NEWS0208/110408026/Space-Shuttle-Challenger-facts?nclick_check=1. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ↑ Wall, Mike (19 April 2012). "Space Shuttle Discovery: 5 Surprising Facts About NASA's Oldest Orbiter". Space.com. http://www.space.com/15330-space-shuttle-discovery-5-surprising-facts.html. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ↑ "Orbiter, Space Shuttle, OV-103, Discovery". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A20120325000. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ "Shuttle Launch Facts: 15 Things to Know about Space Shuttle Atlantis' Mission". Florida Today. https://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110707/NEWS02/110706005/Shuttle-launch-facts-15-things-know-about-space-shuttle-Atlantis-mission. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ↑ "The Space Shuttle Endeavour Fact Sheet". CBS News. http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2012/09/19/the-space-shuttle-endeavour-fact-sheet/. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ↑ "Space Shuttle Endeavour Facts". Florida Today. https://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110721/NEWS0208/110722019/Space-shuttle-Endeavour-facts. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
References[]
Bibliography[]
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External links[]
- NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Missions
- NASA ISS Consolidated Launch Manifest
- Unofficial Space Shuttle Manifest
Template:Space exploration lists and timelines
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