Moons of Jupiter

A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons (distance and sizes not to scale)

The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft.

There are 67 known moons of Jupiter. This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System. The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers, conquests, or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects in orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 63 moons and its rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.

Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass, and so would be considered planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. Sixteen irregular satellites have been discovered since 2003 and have not yet been named.

Characteristics

The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (Template:Convert/round mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (Template:Convert/round mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (Template:Convert/round mi). Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).

Origin and evolution

Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.

The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.

Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was passed through it. However, only 2% the proto-disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites. Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter, due to drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the Solar nebula. By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other, which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.

The outer, irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids, whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit. Many broke up due to the mechanical stresses of capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today.

Discovery

Jupiter and the Galilean moons through a 10" (25 cm) Meade LX200 telescope

The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

The Galilean moons and their orbits around Jupiter

See also: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter's moons is that of Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC. However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609. By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30× magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610. Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo, though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614, and the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. No additional satellites were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892. With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century. Himalia was discovered in 1904, Elara in 1905, Pasiphaë in 1908, Sinope in 1914, Lysithea and Carme in 1938, Ananke in 1951, and Leda in 1974. By the time that Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto which had been observed in 1975, but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis, Adrastea, and Thebe.

No additional moons were discovered for two decades but, between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers found and later named another 34 moons using sensitive ground-based detectors. These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (Template:Convert/round mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (Template:Convert/round mi) across. All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces; but very little is known about them. Since 2003, 16 additional moons have been discovered but not yet named, bringing the total number of known moons of Jupiter to 67. As of 2013, this is the most of any planet in the Solar System; but additional undiscovered, tiny moons may exist.

Naming

Main article: Naming of moons

The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610. However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on. The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12). Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion.

The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s. In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII, and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered. The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants. All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus.

Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.

Groups

The orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites, and how they cluster into groups: by semi-major axis (the horizontal axis in Gm); by orbital inclination (the vertical axis); and orbital eccentricity (the yellow lines). The relative sizes are indicated by the circles.

Regular satellites

These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups:

• Inner satellites or Amalthea group: Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. These orbit very close to Jupiter; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day. The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on its present orbit, but farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body. These moons, along with a number of as-yet-unseen inner moonlets, replenish and maintain Jupiter's faint ring system. Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.

• Main group or Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet. Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter. They are respectively the fourth-, sixth-, first-, and third-largest natural satellites in the Solar System, containing approximately 99.997% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons. The inner moons are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto. Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans.

Irregular satellites

Jupiter's outer moons and their highly inclined orbits

Main article: Irregular satellite

The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:

• Prograde satellites:

• Themisto is the innermost irregular moon and not part of a known family.

• The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes, 1.6° in inclination (27.5 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt.

• Carpo is the outermost prograde moon and not part of a known family.

Retrograde satellites: inclinations (°) vs. eccentricities, with Carme's (orange) and Ananke's (yellow) groups identified

• Retrograde satellites:

• S/2003 J 12 and S/2011 J 1 are the innermost of the retrograde moons, and are not part of any known family.

• The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (165.7 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27. It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated from a D-type asteroid progenitor, possibly a Jupiter Trojan.

• The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 8.1° in inclination (between 145.7° and 154.8°), and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28. Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.

• The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed, with a spread over 1.3 Gm, inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43. The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions. Sinope, sometimes included in the Pasiphae group, is red and, given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently; Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter.

• S/2003 J 2 is the outermost moon of Jupiter, and is not part of a known family.

List

The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The four inner moons are much smaller, the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde.

Order	Label	Name	Pronunciation (key)	Image	Diameter (km)	Mass (Template:E kg)	Semi-major axis (km)	Orbital period (d)	Inclination (°)	Eccentr.	Discovery year	Discoverer	Group
1	Template:Sort	Metis	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	1979	Synnott (Voyager 1)	Inner
2	Template:Sort	Adrastea	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0015	1979	Jewitt (Voyager 2)	Inner
3	Template:Sort	Amalthea	Template:IPAc-enTemplate:Refn		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0032	1892	Barnard	Inner
4	Template:Sort	Thebe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0175	1979	Synnott (Voyager 1)	Inner
5	Template:Sort	Io	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0041	1610	Galilei	Galilean
6	Template:Sort	Europa	Template:IPAc-enTemplate:Refn		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0094	1610	Galilei	Galilean
7	Template:Sort	Ganymede	Template:IPAc-enTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0011	1610	Galilei	Galilean
8	Template:Sort	Callisto	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	0.0074	1610	Galilei	Galilean
9	Template:Sort	Themisto	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	+129.87	Template:Sort	0.2115	1975/2000	Kowal & Roemer/ Sheppard et al.	Themisto
10	Template:Sort	Leda	Template:IPAc-en	File:Leda2(moon).jpg	Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	+240.82	Template:Sort	0.1673	1974	Kowal	Himalia
11	Template:Sort	Himalia	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	+250.23	Template:Sort	0.1513	1904	Perrine	Himalia
12	Template:Sort	Lysithea	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	+259.89	Template:Sort	0.1322	1938	Nicholson	Himalia
13	Template:Sort	Elara	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	+257.62	Template:Sort	0.1948	1905	Perrine	Himalia
14	Template:Sort	Dia	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	+287.93	Template:Sort	0.2058	2001	Sheppard et al.	Himalia?
15	Template:Sort	Carpo	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	+458.62	Template:Sort	0.2735	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carpo
16	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 12			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−482.69	142.680	0.4449	2003	Sheppard et al.	?
17	Template:Sort	Euporie	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−538.78	144.694	0.0960	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
18	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 3			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−561.52	146.363	0.2507	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
19	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 18			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−569.73	147.401	0.1569	2003	Gladman et al.	Ananke
20	Template:Sort	S/2011 J 1			Template:Sort		Template:Val	−582.22	162.8	0.2963	2011	Sheppard et al.	?
21	[[Jupiter LII|Template:Sort]]	S/2010 J 2			Template:Sort		Template:Val	−588.36	150.4	0.307	2010	Veillet	Ananke?
22	Template:Sort	Thelxinoe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−597.61	151.292	0.2684	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
23	Template:Sort	Euanthe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−598.09	143.409	0.2000	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
24	Template:Sort	Helike	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−601.40	154.586	0.1374	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
25	Template:Sort	Orthosie	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−602.62	142.366	0.2433	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
26	Template:Sort	Iocaste	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−609.43	147.248	0.2874	2001	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
27	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 16			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−610.36	150.769	0.3184	2003	Gladman et al.	Ananke
28	Template:Sort	Praxidike	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−613.90	144.205	0.1840	2001	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
29	Template:Sort	Harpalyke	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−624.54	147.223	0.2440	2001	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
30	Template:Sort	Mneme	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−627.48	149.732	0.3169	2003	Gladman et al.	Ananke
31	Template:Sort	Hermippe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−629.81	151.242	0.2290	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke?
32	Template:Sort	Thyone	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−639.80	147.276	0.2525	2002	Sheppard et al.	Ananke
33	Template:Sort	Ananke	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−640.38	151.564	0.3445	1951	Nicholson	Ananke
34	Template:Sort	Herse	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−672.75	162.490	0.2379	2003	Gladman et al.	Carme
35	Template:Sort	Aitne	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−679.64	165.562	0.3927	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
36	Template:Sort	Kale	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−685.32	165.378	0.2011	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
37	Template:Sort	Taygete	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−686.67	164.890	0.3678	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
38	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 19			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−699.12	164.727	0.1961	2003	Gladman et al.	Carme
39	Template:Sort	Chaldene	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−699.33	167.070	0.2916	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
40	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 15			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−699.68	141.812	0.0932	2003	Sheppard et al.	Ananke?
41	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 10			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−700.13	163.813	0.3438	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme?
42	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 23			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−700.54	148.849	0.3930	2004	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
43	Template:Sort	Erinome	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−711.96	163.737	0.2552	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
44	Template:Sort	Aoede	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−714.66	160.482	0.6011	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
45	Template:Sort	Kallichore	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−717.81	164.605	0.2041	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme?
46	Template:Sort	Kalyke	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−721.02	165.505	0.2139	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
47	Template:Sort	Carme	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−763.95	165.047	0.2342	1938	Nicholson	Carme
48	Template:Sort	Callirrhoe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−727.11	139.849	0.2582	2000	Spahr, Scotti	Pasiphae
49	Template:Sort	Eurydome	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−723.36	149.324	0.3769	2002	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae?
50	Template:Sort	S/2011 J 2			Template:Sort		Template:Val	−725.06	151.8	0.3867	2011	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae?
51	Template:Sort	Pasithee	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−726.93	165.759	0.3288	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
52	[[Jupiter LI|Template:Sort]]	S/2010 J 1			Template:Sort		Template:Val	−722.83	163.2	0.320	2010	Jacobson et al.	Carme?
53	Template:Sort	Kore	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−776.02	137.371	0.1951	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
54	Template:Sort	Cyllene	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−731.10	140.148	0.4115	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
55	Template:Sort	Eukelade	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−735.20	163.996	0.2828	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme
56	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 4			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−739.29	147.175	0.3003	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
57	Template:Sort	Pasiphae	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−739.80	141.803	0.3743	1908	Melotte	Pasiphae
58	Template:Sort	Hegemone	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−745.50	152.506	0.4077	2003	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
59	Template:Sort	Arche	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−746.19	164.587	0.1492	2002	Sheppard et al.	Carme
60	Template:Sort	Isonoe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−750.13	165.127	0.1775	2001	Sheppard et al.	Carme
61	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 9			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−752.84	164.980	0.2761	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme
62	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 5			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−758.34	165.549	0.3070	2003	Sheppard et al.	Carme
63	Template:Sort	Sinope	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−739.33	153.778	0.2750	1914	Nicholson	Pasiphae
64	Template:Sort	Sponde	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−771.60	154.372	0.4431	2002	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
65	Template:Sort	Autonoe	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−772.17	151.058	0.3690	2002	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
66	Template:Sort	Megaclite	Template:IPAc-en		Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	−792.44	150.398	0.3077	2001	Sheppard et al.	Pasiphae
67	Template:Sort	S/2003 J 2			Template:Sort	Template:Sort	Template:Val	Template:Sort	153.521	0.1882	2003	Sheppard et al.	?

Exploration

Main article: Exploration of Jupiter

The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites' orbital parameters.

The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. During this period, Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede.

In 2016, the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion.

See also

• Galilean moons
• Jupiter's moons in fiction

External links

• Jupiter's Known Satellites
• The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page
• Simulation showing the position of Jupiter's Moon
• Animated tour of Jupiter's Moons, University of South Wales
• Jupiter:Moons by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Template:Cite news
• Archive of Jupiter System Articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries
• An animation of the Jovian system of moons

Template:Moons of Jupiter Template:Jupiter Template:Solar System moons (compact)